Reference: Kozma, Lajos, and Máté Major. Az alaprajz mint organizátor (The Plan as Organizer). Publisher: Corvina, Müszaki vezetö: Murányi István, Müszaki szerkeztö: Kozma Miklós, 1978. Page 11. Translation by Franz Bittenbinder
ENG The Plan as Organizer
<>In progress…
HU Az alaprajz mint organizátor
<>Lakását, ezt az életéhez nélkülözhetetlen gépezetet, ezt a sokrétű és bonyolult kötöttségböl szervezett egységet életfunkciói szerint alakítja az ember. A ház és lakás formálásánál a funkcionális és technikai, a társadalmi és az alaki összefüggések éppoly döntőek, mint az egészségügyi és gazdasági feltételek. Ezeket az összefüggéseket kisebb léptékben az alaprajz mint mértani ábra teszi áttekinthetővé, ammenyiben a ház belső életét, a falakat, ablakokat, ajtókat és bútorokat a padlósíkra vetítve jelzi; szemlélteti a belső közlekedést, valamint feltünteti a terek méreteit és arányait. A különböző szerkezetek és alaki, formai összefüggések bemutatásat segíti még a metszet és a nézet is, a bonyolultabb térbeli viszonyokét a perspektivikus ábrázolás, ha pedig a feladat komplikált, modell is készül – de lényegében minden probléma az alaprazban dől el.
Mielőtt hozzáfognánk a ház tervezéséhez, tökéletesen tisztában kell lennünk a szervező adottságokkal: az épittető személyiségét, életmódját, családi állapotát, szokásait, hivatását, bútorait és erszényét ugyanolyan pontosan kell ismernünk, min a telek formáját és a talaj szerkezetét, a környezetet (és még a távolabbi tájat is), a tájolást, az éghajlatot, ésnem kevésbé a vidék épitési szokásait és nyersanyagait is. Az alaprajz a geometria absztrakt nyelvén foglalja össze mindezen adottságokat.
Lakásaink térstruktúrájának elemi formája a négyszög. Az alapraz főleg négyszögű térelemekből áll össze, ezek különféleképpen csoportosulnak a körvonal zárt vagy nyitott jellege szerint. Az alaprajz lehet zárt négyszög vagy összetett mértani alakzat. Eltekintve a körvonalak alapvető különbözőségétöl, magában az alaprajzi struktúrában is tlálunk bizonyos jellemző sajátosságokat, amelynek következményeképpen különféle alaprazformák jönnek létre. A terek csoportosulhatnak egyetlen központi mag körül, hasonoan az antik házak átrium-megoldásához, függetlenül attól, hogy valóban lakóudvar lesz-e ez a belső mag vagy domináló, közpoti nagy lakóhelyiség. Többszintes lakóháznál az egyik szint tércsoportjának magja természetesen függőleges irányban kiterjesztett lakóterré fejleszthető, amelyet a jól vezetett lépcső különböző formái és a galéria differenciálhatnak. De vannak olyan többszintes családi házak is, amelyekben az ilyen központos megoldás helyett minden egyes szint a többitöl elválasztva éli független életét. Ezek az alaprajzi változatok sokrétű házforma-, lakásforma-kombinációkat tesznek lehetővé. A korszerű ház egyénre szabott, kötetlen és szabad alakítása ennek a variációs gazdaságnak köszönheti létét, ellentétben a klasszikus alaprajz-séma tengelyre szervezett, szimmetrikus megoldásával. Ezeket a különböző alaprajztípusokat zöbbszörösen differenciálja még az épittető társadalmi helyzetéből, valamint a talaj és az éghajlat mindenkori sajátosságaiból fakadó különleges tényezők sokasága.
A funkció az alaprajz formálásának legfőbb rendező elve, a ház-alaprajz jellegének meghatározója. Eme alaptétel szabályozó és szervező jelentöségét egyaránt híven tükrözi az ősember kunyhója és az abból kifejlödött, kemény nélküli, egyterű ház. Ez utóbbiban éjszaka ugyanúgy a tűzhely köré telepedtek az emberek, akárcsak a pásztortüzek köre a szabadban. A funkció rendező elvét hirdeti az ókor két lakóudvaros háza is, amelyet, keleti eredetének megfelelően, külön férfi- és asszonylakásra osztottak, vagy korunk családi háza, amely jóval differenciáltabb,es csaknem minden lakófunkciót külön térrel elégit ki. A funkcionális elv minden korban más jellemvonásokat ad a lakóháznak. A mai ház jellemző sajátossága: a nagy lakótér uralkodó szerepe. Ez a tér – sokrétű és változtatható felhasználása miatt – a többinél nagyobbra van méretezve.
Az épitész mindig meghatározott méretarányban ábrázolja az alaprajz bonyolult térstruktúráját, s benne a különféle méretű helyiségeket és azok nyílásait. E méretarány szervezöje a lépték. A biztos “léptékérzék” az épitész alkotó segédeszköze a valóság – vagyis: a tervezett térstruktúrát ugyan kicsinyített léptékben, ám élethű összefüggéseivel és helyes méretarányban kell ábrázolni. Mégis hiába érzekelteti az épitész a valóságot a terv kicsinyített méreteivel – munkája folyamán állandoanfeszült izgalomban él, mivel az állványok mögött rejtőzve növekvö ház csak akkor mutatkozik meg valódi alakjában, amikor már készen áll. Hiába fáradozik tehát azon, hogy tapasztalati úton közelitse meg a nagyon összetett feladatot, miközben tervét sokszoros ellenörzéssel, folyamatosan a valósághoz idomítja: vállalnia kell a felelősséget elképzelése helyességéert. Ez a munka olyan sajátos ösztönöket fejleszt ki benne, amilyenekkel egyelen más kézműipar sem alakít ki: képesnek kell lennie, hogy ellőre lásson mindent. Mind a szobrász, mind a festő valóságos méretű művön dolgozik – az épitésnek viszont kicsinyített, absztrakt tervben kell eldönteni, hogy reálisak-e a z összefüggések.
E bonyolult probléma jelentőségéről csak a tervezés munkájának elemzése adhat helyes képet. Ezért megkiséreljük, hogy a tervezés összefüggésekben gazdag, sokágú folyamatát kilenc alapvető kategóriára vezessük vissza. E kilenc kategóriaattekinthető, egységes rendszerbe fogja az alaprajzot szervező valamenyi alakitó tényezőt. Az elemzésnél mindig abból az alapgondolatból indultunk ki, hogy a társadalmi, az egészegügyi, a gazdasági és a technikai szempontok lakással kapcsolatos műszaki vonatkozásait három vezérlő elv – a funkció, a szerkezet és a forma – rendszerezi. A kilenc alaptétel sorrendet is jelöl egyúttal: azokét szakaszokét, amelyek során a tervezési munka megteremti a ház organikus egységét.
Eszerint az alaprajznak a következő problémákat kell megoldani:
- A szobák számáról való döntés.
- A szobák méretének megállapitása
- A ház formája: egyedülalló ház, ikerház, sorház
- A lakás formája: a funkciócsoportok elosztása egy vagy több szinten.
- A közlekedés szervező szerepe az egyes funkciócsoportokon belül és a csoportok között.
- A világitás, szellőzés szerepe és fűtés egészségügyi és technikai kérdései.
- Az égtájak és az éghajlat befolyás.
- Kapcsolat a ház és környezete között.
- A bútorozhatóság térszabályozó elve.
Jól tudjuk, hogy az alaprajz feladata: lehetővé tenni a házban folyó élet programszerű megszervezését és egyúttal egyéni, bensőséges lakást teremteni. Természetesen a gyakorlatban gyakran adódnak bizonyos eltérések, sőt ellentmondások is az épitési program célkitűzései és a valóság adottságai között. Ilyenkór a problémák iránti ösztönös fogékonyság segíti az épitészt, hogy a lehetőség szerint áthidalja ezeket az ellentéteket és ellentmondásokat. E fogékonyság jelentősége akkor válik világossá, ha az épitész munkáját összehasonlítjuk az ösztönös és hagyományokhoz kötött paraszti épitésmoddal. Amikor a földmüves házat épit, sáját magának dolgozik, és nem készit elözetes tervet. Nem hivatása az épités: ősember ő, aki a tájjal és a földdel szorosan összenőve nem “formál”; problémafelvetés nélkül oldja meg feladatát, a közösség szelemében, a szokások megtartásával. A mai, specializálódásra kényszerített épitész elkülönül a feladatától. Az épitész distanciája a különleges fogékonyságban nyilvánul meg. Leginkább ebben a problémát felszínre hozó érzékenységben rejlik az épitész különleges tehetsége.
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